The Western Arctic from the CBL 2002 cruise
Monday and Wednesday 11:00-12:20
OTB (Ocean Teaching Building) 205

Spring Quarter 2016 - Ocean 508/482 - 3 credit graduate/senior undergraduate course
THE CHANGING ARCTIC OCEAN
- an interdisciplinary perspective

A "Northstar" course for UW's new Arctic Studies Minor

Prof. Jody Deming
Walters Professor
Biological Oceanography and Astrobiology
jdeming@u.washington.edu
Tel: 206-543-0845
Room: 370, MSB (Marine Sciences Building)

Dr. Rebecca Woodgate
  Senior Principal (Physical) Oceanographer/
  WOT Associate Professor
Polar Science Center/Physical Oceanography
woodgate@apl.washington.edu
Tel: 206-221-3268
Room: 529, Henderson Hall, Applied Physics Laboratory
Last edited 1st June 2016
COURSE CONTENT
- overview
- graduate/undergraduate
- course structure

- assignments/grading
CLASSES
- general schedule
- provisional timetable

Class CATALYST site
Class CANVAS HW1 Submission Link
Class CANVAS HW2 Submission Link
LINKS
- lecture notes
- discussion papers
- other links
USCGC HEALY TOUR
Wednesday 25th May 2016
(Wednesday Week 9)
TOUR DETAILS
FEEDBACK
COURSE CONTENT
Overview
Recent years show unprecedented change in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean.
What is currently known about the complex Arctic Ice-Ocean system and the ecosystems it supports?
What will be the impacts of continuing change within and beyond the Arctic?
 In this interdisciplinary course, we will explore the interacting physical, chemical and biological components of the Arctic System, including:
      -- riddles of Arctic Ocean circulation
      -- defining roles of the sea-ice cover
      -- likely shifts in nutrient regimes and ecosystems
      -- and recent explorations of the seafloor,
and consider the impacts of Arctic Change on global climate, native communities, and future exploitation of an ice-free summer ocean.
The aims of the course are to develop:
     -- an understanding of how the Arctic ocean system works
     -- an understanding of observed and potential changes in the Arctic and impacts of these changes in the Arctic and beyond
     -- an appreciation of why we should care about Arctic Change.
Skill development: To thrive in research (and other careers) needs skills beyond scientific data analysis, for example:
-- discerning inquiry
-- coherent communication (written and oral)
-- competence in more than one discipline.
Homework and class assignments will be aimed at developing these skills, and the art/science of productive scientific debate.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the course, you should have:
- qualitative and quantitative fact-based knowledge of the key aspects of the Arctic system, including how the components of the system interact, and the current challenges and possible future impacts of Arctic Change;
- an ability to critically, qualitatively and quantitatively assess information from science sources (especially academic research papers), and to combine information from different disciplines;
- skills in written and oral communication of this knowledge at a senior/graduate level, including bringing together ideas from various disciplines;
and an enthusiasm for a realm that lies at the forefront of science and exploration in our world today.

Prerequisites
The class is targeted at 400-level Senior undergraduate majors and non-majors (Ocean 482), and 500-level Graduate majors and non-majors (Ocean 508). The best prepared students will have taken:
a) Ocean 200 (Introduction to Oceanography) or Ocean 210 (Ocean Circulation); and
b) Biol 180 (Introduction to Biology), Biol 200 or Biol 220.
If you are interested in the course but do not have these prerequisites, email us, as we are happy to consider, on a case-by-case basis, students who are prepared to do whatever extra work is needed to understand the material.


Graduate/Undergraduate course differences
This course is offered simultaneously at the graduate and senior undergraduate level. Graduate students are expected to perform at a higher level than undergraduates.
Throughout the lectures, we will distinguish between "core content" (the main concepts of the class) and "advanced content" (more detailed material, delving into complex interdisciplinary interactions of the system). Undergraduates are expected to master the "core content" of the class and be aware of the "advanced content". Graduate students are expected to master both the "core" and "advanced" material in the class.
This distinction will also be reflected in readings for the class - undergraduates are expected to read and comprehend given key papers in the subject area (one per week), whereas graduate students are expected to read the key papers and additional supporting material, (typically two extra papers per week).
Graduates and undergraduates will be set different assignments, with differing goals and expected levels of attainment and grading (as outlined in assignments below).

Course Structure
The course material is drawn from the cutting edge of current Arctic research. Thus there is no textbook for the variety of material we will cover. The main instruction medium will be:
- two lectures a week, reinforced with:
- readings from various UW-accessible sources,
- instructor office hours, arranged by request.

Assignments/grading
Assignments are both written and oral.  There will be no midterm or final exam.

Full details of the assignments will be provided during the course.

Grade:
Course grade will be determined from
- 2 written homeworks (each 30% of the grade)
- 1 team-presented oral review of a published paper (20% of the grade)
- class participation, especially in the weekly paper reviews (20% of the grade).
Tasks and grading will take into account the level (undergraduate/graduate) of the student.

Written Assignments: There will be two written assignments, to be submitted via Canvas.  HW1 Canvas Submission link.   HW2 Canvas Submission link.
For graduates:
The first written assignment, due end of week 5 (Friday 29th April 2016, 5pm), will be a five-page essay that includes some literature review (a reference list of at least six peer-reviewed journal articles) and some thoughtful analysis on an interdisciplinary question given in class. Students are encouraged to create an original graphic, flow diagram, calculation or table to help convey key points of the analysis. Students are further expected to develop a testable hypothesis from their synthesis of the literature read on the subject.
The second written assignment, due end of week 10 (Friday 3rd June 2016, 5pm), will be to develop a short research proposal with an experimental plan, suitable for an interdisciplinary 2-year project in the Arctic Ocean. It should include references to at least six journal articles. Graduates are expected to develop testable hypotheses, with realistic logistics, as part of the research plan.
For undergraduates:
The first written assignment, due end of week 5 (Friday 29th April 2016, 5pm), will be a four-page essay that includes some literature review (a reference list of at least three peer-reviewed journal articles) and some thoughtful analysis on an interdisciplinary question given in class. Students are encouraged to create an original graphic, flow diagram, calculation or table to help convey key points of the analysis.  Instructions for first written assignment are here.  To submit your assignment, go here.
The second written assignment, due end of week 10 (Friday 3rd June 2016, 5pm), will be
a four-page essay that includes some literature review (a reference list of at least three peer-reviewed journal articles) and some thoughtful analysis on an interdisciplinary question given in class. Students are encouraged to create an original graphic, flow diagram, calculation or table to help convey key points of the analysis.  Instructions for second written assignment are here.  To submit your assignment, go here.

Oral Assignments:
Each Wednesday, there will be a ~ 30 min student-led discussion of a published paper. Papers will be selected a week in advance. Everyone should read the assigned paper before the class. The main points of the paper will be presented by a team of students in a ~ 15 min oral presentation, to be followed by a ~ 15 min class debate. Each student will help to lead one such presentation during the course, and all students will be involved in the weekly class debates, including submission of a question on the paper before the discussion via the class catalyst site. More details will be given in class. A summary of instruction is here. Papers will be given below.
Undergraduates are expected to cover the material of the paper, and hypothesize on future directions or relevance for the work, drawing on material covered in class lectures.
Graduates are expected to cover the material of the paper, and hypothesize on future directions or relevance for the work, drawing not only on material covered in class lectures, but also on material in the assigned graduate readings or journal papers of their own finding.

Late homework is not accepted (except in exceptional circumstances, and by prearrangement with the instructors). Student athletes and students with other legitimate schedule conflicts need to contact the instructors at the beginning of the quarter to make arrangements for alternative due dates.

Academic Honesty:
A goal of university education is for you, yourself, to learn the material.  We expect all students to maintain the highest standards of academic conduct. UW expectations are outlined at various UW sites, including here.
While you may discuss homeworks with your classmates and colleagues, the two written homework assignments must be your own original work.

CLASSES
General schedule
Class meetings will be held  Monday and Wednesday 11:00-12:20 in OTB  205.
There will be no midterm or final exam. 
Office hours are available on request

Provisional Timetable
This is provisional timetable and syllabus.  Contact us if there are other topics you would like to see covered. 
WEEK
Monday 11:00
Wednesday 11:00
Deadlines

1
Mar 28 - Apr 1
Welcome to the Arctic, and Arctic Atmospheres
The Physics of Sea Ice  
2
Apr 4 - 8
Life in the Ice - I
Life in the Ice - II
Paper Discussion

3
Apr 11 - 15
Arctic Entrances and Exits - what goes in and out Going around the Arctic - Upper Ocean Circulation
Paper Discussion

4
Apr 18 - 22
Stirring things up in the Arctic - exchange, mixing, other useful processes
Upper Ocean Arctic Biology - I
Paper Discussion

5
Apr 25 - 29
Upper Ocean Arctic Biology -  II
Astounding Arctic Sea Ice Loss - and how we might understand it
Paper Discussion
- Friday 29th April 5pm first written assignment due
6
May 2 - 6
Deeper Ocean and Higher Trophic level Biology - I
Deeper Ocean and Higher Trophic level Biology - II
Paper Discussion

7
May 9 - 13
The Bering Sea - home to 50% of the US fish catch
Arctic Ocean Acidification
Paper Discussion


8
May 16 - 20
The Atlantic and Deep Waters of the Arctic
Arctic's role in the world (and Arctic Antarctic differences)
Paper Discussion

9
May 23 - 27
The Arctic Bottom - seafloor geology and biology Class visit to the USCGC Healy

10
May 30 - Jun 3
Memorial Day -- no class -- The human face to the Arctic - geopolitics and larger ramifications
Paper Discussion
- Friday 3rd June 5pm
second written assignment due

LINKS
Lecture notes, readings and links
As the class progresses, class readings and some notes/handouts from lectures will be posted on the class catalyst site (requires class enrollment).

Lecture 1 (Week 1 Mon):  A Quick Dash around the Arctic - Ocean, Ice, Atmos Basics - Woodgate 
     Arctic Report Card from NOAA  -  Surface Air Temperature (Overland et al., 2015);  Warmest Jan/Feb in the Arctic (Wang 2016)
     NSIDC (National Snow and Ice Data Center) Arctic Sea Ice News
     IBCAO (International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean)
     Cryosphere Today
     International Arctic Buoy Program   including movies of Arctic sea-ice and buoy motion
     NASA Ozone Watch

Lecture 2 (Week 1 Wed):  The Frozen Ocean - Woodgate
     Youtube movie of sea ice ridging
     IGY 1957-1958 Ice Camp (Nobert Untersteiner)
     Sea Ice is our Highway (Inuit CircumPolar Council)
     Youtube of daily Barrow ice images
     Cryosat 2 and ice thickness
     Zhang (UW) Ice thickness model simulations

Lecture 3 and 4 (Week 2 Mon and Wed): Sea Ice Biology - Deming
     Dynamic Ice cover over the Beaufort Sea Feb-Mar 2013


Lecture 5 (Week 3 Mon):
Getting into the Arctic Ocean - Woodgate
     UW Bering Strait - Pacific Gateway to the Arctic
     UW Chukchi Sea Circulation
     UNIS The University Centre in Svalbard

Lecture 6 (Week 3 Wed): Upper Arctic Ocean Circulation - Woodgate
     Going Around at the Top of the World, 2013, Nature Education, Woodgate
     EWG (Environmental Working Group) Arctic Atlas
     Life on a Russian North Pole Drift Station (Search under Location: Arctic Ocean, or Project: Arctic Climatology and Meteorology)


Lecture 7 (Week 4 Mon):  Stirring things up in the Arctic - getting off shelves and mixing - Woodgate

     NSIDC on polynyas
     Sassats - Canadian Geographic Article,1999University of Saskatchewan (Malcolm Ramsey) Photos; BBC Blue Planet - Belugas and Polar Bears.
     Chukchi Borderland Cruise CBL2002
     Internal Waves in the Western Arctic Ocean, PhD Thesis, Hayley Dosser, UW, 2015
     Arctic Eddies website by Plueddemann, WHOI

Lecture 8 (Week 4 Wed):  Upper Arctic Ocean Biology - Deming

Lecture 9 (Week 5 Mon):  Upper Arctic Ocean Biology - Deming

Lecture 10 (Week 5 Wed):  Astounding Arctic Sea Ice Loss - Woodgate
     Impacts of storms on fast ice (UW project)
     Modeling of Arctic sea ice volume (UW project)
     Movie of 2007 sea ice retreat by Chapman (follow this link, then scroll down to "older products")
     The Fram Expedition 1893-1896 (from the Fram Museum, Oslo)
     The Tara Expedition 2007-2008
     Arctic Sea Ice Outlook
     Physics Today Article  Kwok and Untersteiner  The thinning of Arctic Sea Ice  (or on class catalyst site)


Lecture 11 (Week 6 Mon):  Arctic Ocean Higher Trophic Biology I - Deming

Lecture 12 (Week 6 Wed):  Arctic Ocean Higher Trophic  Biology II - Deming

Lecture 13 (Week 7 Mon):  Bering Sea - home to 50% of the US fish catch - Woodgate

     Ecosystem Studies of Subarctic Seas (ESSAS)
     NOAA site on Bering Climate
     BEST-BSIERP Bering Sea Project from NPRB

Lecture 14 (Week 7 Wed):  Arctic Ocean Acidification - Deming

Lecture 15 (Week 8 Mon): Atlantic and Deep Waters of the Arctic - Woodgate

     Going Around at the Top of the World, 2013, Nature Education, Woodgate
     Marine Fishes of the Arctic (see also papers on the catalyst site)

Lecture 16 (Week 8 Wed): From Polar to Global - Woodgate
    2013 IPCC report on Sea level - Church et al
    
2007 IPCC report on Methane

Lecture 17 (Week 9 Mon): The Arctic Bottom - Deming

Week 9 Wed:  Trip to the USCG Healy
     USCGC Healy
     USCGC Healy Science Site - ICEFLOE
     Videos by Dave Forcucci of "Arctic Gyres" Science Mission - Short version (3min), Long version (10min)
     Video from Healy Science of "un-dry-docking" the Healy

Week 10 Mon: Memorial Day, no class

Lecture 18 (Week 10
Wed):  The Human Face to the Arctic - Deming
    The Arctic Council
   
People of a Feather
    BBC Polar Bear Spies On Ice - Seal Hunt, Seeking Polar Bear Dens, Spy Camera Demise




Discussion papers

Here the teams for the Wednesday discussion papers, the guidelines for oral presentations and the link for the discussion paper for each week (also available on our catalyst site).  Also, see our catalyst page for the link for submitting your question/comment in the weeks you are not presenting. Questions are due by 5pm on the Tuesday before the Wednesday of the discussion. 

Paper for Wk2   Wednesday 6th April - Sea-ice Physics - Eryn, Gen, Miya,
Holland,M.K., C.M.Bitz and B.Tremblay (2006). Future abrupt reductions in the summer Arctic sea ice.; Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L23503, doi:10.1029/2006GL02824

Paper for Wk3   Wednesday 13th April - Sea-ice Biology -
Ameer, Ian, Olivia
Campbell, K., C.J.Mundy, D.G.Barber, and M.Gosselin (2014). Characterizing the sea ice algae chlorophyll a-snow depth relationship over Arctic spring melt using transmitted irradiance, Journal of Marine Systems, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.01.008

Paper for Wk4   Wednesday 20th April  - Ocean Circulation - Alexa, Marlena, Ty
Macdonald, R.S., E.C.Carmack, F.A.McLaughlin, K.K.Falkner and J.H.Swift (1999). Connections among ice, runoff and atmospheric forcing in the Beaufort Gyre, Geophys. Res. Letters, 26,15, 2223-2226
AND Li,W.K.W., F.A.McLaughlin, C.Lovejoy and E.C.Carmack (2009). Smallest Algae Thrive as the Arctic Ocean Freshens, Science, 326, 539


Paper for Wk5   Wednesday 27th April  -
Shelf Basin Interaction - Marine, Sam, Tasha
Nishino, S., M. Itoh, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Kikuchi, and M. Aoyama (2011), Impact of an unusually large warm-core eddy on distributions of nutrients and phytoplankton in the southwestern Canada Basin during late summer/early fall 2010, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16602, doi:10.1029/2011GL047885

Paper for Wk6   Wednesday 4th May - Ocean Biology -
Heather, Shon, Zoe
Falardeau, M., D.Robert, and L.Fortier (2014).  Could the planktonic stages of polar cod and Pacific sand lance compete for food in the warming Beaufort sea?, Ices Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst221
 
Paper for Wk7   Wednesday 11th May - Bering Sea -
Chris, Cory, Daniel
Ray, G.C., J.McCormick-Ray, P.Berg, and H.E.Epstein (2006). Pacific walrus: Benthic bioturbator of Beringia, J.Exp.Mar.Bio.Eco., 330, 403-419.

Paper for Wk8   Wednesday 18th May - Arctic Ramifications
- Gerrad, Miranda, Phillip
Shakhova, N., I.Semiletov, I.Leifer, V.Sergienko, A.Salyuk, D.Kosmach, D.Chernykh, C.Stubbs, D.Nicolsky, V.Tumskoy, O.Gustafsson
(2014), Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, Nature Geosci, 7(1), 64-70, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2007

Paper for Wk9   Wednesday 25th May -
No paper, Healy Visit

Paper for Wk10 Wednesday 1st June - "Wild Card"-
Jessica, Michael, Terryll
Carmack, E., and R.Macdonald (2008).  Water and Ice-Related Phenomena in the Coastal Region of the Beaufort Sea: Some parallels between Native Experience and Western Science, Arctic, 61(3) 265-280.



Other useful links
As the class progresses, useful internet links will be posted here.
Jody Deming's research home page
Rebecca Woodgate's research home page

Keeping up to date with Arctic annoucements (usual reports, sometimes jobs or cruise openings)
    Mailing list - ArcticInfo

Links to multidisciplinary Arctic planning and assessment papers
 
   NOAA Arctic Change site - source for much basic information explaining aspects of Arctic change, with many links to useful sites.  Good starting point to refresh your understanding of the basics, and get leads for areas of research.  Written for the public rather than expert scientists.
    NOAA Arctic Report Card 2015 - recent assessment of Arctic Change
    ACIA  (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) - older, broader document (albeit challenged by a significant number of people) listing changes observed, written for scientists and policy makers.  The Marine Chapter (Chapter 9) also contains many references which may be useful starting points for a literature search. 
     International Polar Year 2007-2009 - A special 2 years of international Arctic research
     UW's Future of Ice
 

 
USCGC HEALY TOUR       -  Wednesday 25th May 2016 (Wednesday Week 9)
Healy
                        photo
(image from USCG)
The USCGC Healy is the leading US research icebreaker. She has extensive lab and deck space for science, and state of the art oceanographic equipment.  She can break 4.5 ft of ice at 3 knots, and 8 ft of ice backing and ramming.  She can carry a (usually interdisciplinary) science team of 35 scientists.  Her home port is Seattle, and this class usually is fortunate enough to have a tour of the ship during class hours. Transport will be provided to and from UW.  Further details will be provided by email to students of the class.
USCGC
                            Healy
(image from USCG)
FEEDBACK
Your input is important to us. Let us know what else you would like to see done in this class, what works well, (what works badly). 
Email Jody Deming or Rebecca Woodgate or BOTH